Red Dragon is a novel by Thomas Harris, first published in 1981. It was the first novel to feature Harris's character Dr. Hannibal Lecter, a brilliant psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial killer. The novel has been adapted into two films: Manhunter in 1986 and Red Dragon in 2002. The second version of the movie was made due to the success of the films The Silence of the Lambs (1991) and Hannibal (2001), which are also based on Harris books.
The title of the novel refers to the figure from The Great Red Dragon Paintings by William Blake.
Synopsis[]
In 1980, a serial killer, nicknamed in the press the Tooth Fairy, stalks and murders seemingly random families during sequential full moons. He first kills the Jacobi family in Birmingham, Alabama, then the Leeds family in Atlanta, Georgia. Two days after the Leeds murders, FBI agent Jack Crawford seeks out his protégé, Will Graham, a brilliant profiler who captured the serial killer Hannibal Lecter five years earlier, but retired after Lecter almost killed him. Graham is shown to have a remarkable visual memory as well as the ability to empathize with serial killers and had also shot the serial killer Garret Jacob Hobbs. Crawford goes to Graham's Sugarloaf Key residence and pleads for his assistance; Graham reluctantly agrees. After visiting over the crime scenes with only minimal insight, he realizes that he must visit Lecter and seek his help in capturing the Tooth Fairy. During a conversation with another officer, Graham discusses briefly Lecter's crimes and how he captured him. Lecter had murdered nine people and critically injured another two, and Graham was nearly killed when he discovered evidence implicating Lecter as the killer; his sixth victim was arranged as the medical diagram Wound Man. When Graham went to call for back up, Lecter snuck up behind him and almost disemboweled him. Although experts label Dr Lecter as a "sociopath", it is only because they don't know what else to call him. Graham prefers to think of him as a "monster".
Graham visits Lecter at the Chesapeake Hospital where he is held. After a tense and unwelcome greeting by Frederick Chilton, he finally meets Lecter. Lecter notices that Graham is still wearing the same aftershave he wore in court. He greets Graham and quickly works out that he is here to consult him on the Tooth Fairy murders. Lecter goads Graham on the true reason he has come here and requests to look at the case file. After examining the case, Lecter believes the killer is disfigured and smashes the mirrors in the houses so that he can see himself in their eyes. Before Graham leaves, Lecter taunts him one last time, the reason Graham caught him is that "we're just alike".
The Tooth Fairy is revealed to be a St. Louis film processing technician named Francis Dolarhyde. He is a disturbed individual who is obsessed with the William Blake painting "The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed in Sun ". Dolarhyde is unable to control his violent, sexual urges, and believes that murdering people—or "changing" them, as he calls it—allows him to more fully "become" an alternate personality he calls the "Great Red Dragon," after the dominant character in Blake's painting. Flashbacks reveal that his pathology is born from the systematic abuse he suffered as a child at the hands of both his sadistic grandmother and his stepfamily.
As Graham investigates the case, he is continuously hounded by Freddy Lounds, a sleazy tabloid reporter who had humiliated Graham by publishing photos of his wounds after the Lecter case. Meanwhile, Lecter's de facto jailer, Frederick Chilton, discovers a secret correspondence between Lecter and Dolarhyde, in which Lecter provides the killer with Graham's home address. Graham's wife and stepson are evacuated to a remote farm belonging to Crawford's brother. Graham tries to intercept the secret communication without Lecter's knowledge. Lecter is punished by having his privileges removed.
Lounds becomes aware of the correspondence and tries to trick Graham into revealing details of the investigation by posing as the Tooth Fairy, but is found out. Hoping to lure the Tooth Fairy into a trap, Graham gives Lounds an interview in which he blatantly mischaracterizes the killer as an impotant homosexual born of incest. This infuriates Dolarhyde, who kidnaps Lounds, forces him to recant the allegations, bites off his lips and sets him on fire, leaving his maimed body outside his newspaper's offices; Lounds eventually dies.
At about the same time, Dolarhyde falls in love with a blind co-worker named Reba McClane, which conflicts with his homicidal urges. In beginning a relationship with Reba, Dolarhyde starts to consciously resist the Dragon's "possession" of him; he goes to the Brooklyn Mansion, beats two museum secretaries unconscious, and eats the original Blake watercolor of The Red Dragon.
Graham eventually realizes that the killer knew the layout of his victims' houses from their home movies, which he could only have seen if he worked for the film processing lab that developed them. Dolarhyde's job gives him access to all home movies that pass through the company. When he sees Graham interviewing his boss, Dolarhyde realizes that they are on to him and goes to see Reba one last time. He finds her talking to a co-worker, Ralph Mandy, whom she actually dislikes. Believing that Reba is being unfaithful, Dolarhyde kills Mandy, takes his body, kidnaps Reba and, having taken her to his house, sets the place on fire. He intends to kill her and then himself, but finds himself unable to shoot her. After Dolarhyde shoots himself, Reba escapes. Graham later comforts her, telling her that there is nothing wrong with her, and that the kindness and affection she showed Dolarhyde probably saved lives.
However, it turns out Dolarhyde did not in fact shoot himself but left behind the body of a gas station attendant, with whom he had previously had an altercation, in order to stage his own death. Dolarhyde attacks Graham at his Florida home, stabbing him in the face and permanently disfiguring him. Graham's wife, Molly, then fatally shoots Dolarhyde.
While recovering, Graham receives a letter from Lecter, which bids him well and hopes that he isn't "very ugly". It is implied that Molly's feelings toward Graham have changed, but the state of their relationship is not made clear. Graham has a flashback to a visit he made to Shiloh, the site of a major battle in the U.S. Civil War, shortly after apprehending (and in the process killing) Garrett Hobbs.
Notes[]
The original hardcover and paperback editions mentioned Lecter being held in the "Chesapeake" hospital. After the publication of the sequel, The Silence of the Lambs, one reprint of Red Dragon has the name of the hospital changed to the "Baltimore" hospital in order to maintain continuity with the sequel. In all following editions, the name is changed back to “Chesapeake”.
Adapatations[]
- The first film, released in 1986 under the title Manhunter, was written and directed by Michael Mann and focused on FBI Special Agent Will Graham, played by William Petersen. Lecter (renamed Lecktor) was played by Brian Cox.
- In 1996, Chicago's Defiant Theatre produced a full stage version of the novel at the Firehouse theatre, adapted and directed by the company's artistic director, Christopher Johnson. The production included projected "home movies" as were described in the novel, including reenacting the violent murders. Dolarhyde's inner "dragon" was personified by an actor in an elaborate, grotesque costume and seduces the killer to continue on his violent path.
- The second film, which used the title Red Dragon, appeared in 2002. Directed by Brett Ratner and written by Ted Tally (who also wrote the screenplay for The Silence of the Lambs), it starred Edward Norton as Graham and Anthony Hopkins as Lecter.
- Elements of the book is adapted into the NBC series Hannibal which ran for 3 seasons from 2013 to 2015 and developed by Bryan Fuller and starring Hugh Dancy as Will Graham and Mads Mikkelsen as Hannibal Lecter. The Red Dragon storyline is adapted into the second half of the third season, with Richard Armitage as Dolarhyde.